Cohort, case-control & cross-sectional

Observational Studies: reviewed like a reviewer would

Observational manuscripts are rejected for the same reasons in every study of rejection: statistics, overinterpretation, and methods that cannot be reproduced. STROBE exists because those gaps are predictable.

For the manuscript you're submitting · no accept/reject verdict
What the review checks

Built around STROBE.

Cohort, case-control and cross-sectional designs route to the matching STROBE variant; genetic-association signals route to STREGA, which takes precedence over bare STROBE.
  • STROBE audit by design variant: setting, eligibility, exposure and outcome definitions, confounders, bias, sample size, statistical methods, missing data, and how participants were followed.
  • Causal-language check: conclusions are compared with the design, and associational findings phrased as effects are flagged.
  • Confounding and bias review: adjustment sets, selection and information bias, and whether sensitivity analyses back the main result.
  • Reference verification against PubMed and Crossref with retraction screening, plus the target-journal compliance audit.
  • Journal formatting applied to the .docx as tracked changes, included.
The evidence

Why this matters, in numbers.

Each figure is quoted from its primary source; the bracketed number links to the reference below. Verified 2026-09-12.
statistics #1

In a content analysis of 151 medical-education manuscripts, the top reasons for rejection were inappropriate or incomplete statistics, overinterpretation of results, and inappropriate or suboptimal instrumentation. [12][14]

85.7% methods

Reviewers found flaws in the methods of 85.7% of 42 manuscripts submitted to medical journals in Africa and Asia, and in the references of 69.0%. [13]

kappa 0.17

Across 48 studies and 19,443 manuscripts, agreement between reviewers is low: mean intraclass correlation 0.34 and mean Cohen's kappa 0.17. [15]

RR 1.81 → 1.41

Under open review, 40.8% of US abstracts and 22.6% of non-US abstracts were accepted at the American Heart Association meeting; blinding narrowed the gap to 33.4% versus 23.7%. [29]

3.9–10%

Across nine JAMA Network journals, 2025 research acceptance rates ranged from 3.9% (JAMA) to 10% (JAMA Otolaryngology). [53][54][55][56][58][59][60][57][61]

generally low

"Standards in the use of statistics in medical research are generally low," with persistent errors reported across most medical journals. [44]

From Peer review statistics 2026, 89 verified statistics
What you get

One pass, $49.

Included
  • 16-section review
  • Every reference checked against PubMed and Crossref; status per reference; retraction screening on every DOI
  • Audit against the target journal's author instructions
  • Journal formatting applied to your .docx as Word tracked changes, included
Ground rules
  • No accept/reject verdict.
  • Zero Data Retention (Anthropic); never stored or used for training.
  • $49 per manuscript, no subscription. Journal Brief $2.99 per paper (first free). ESL add-on $19.99.
  • Full 16-section sample review published.
What it cannot do

It cannot detect fabricated or falsified data, manipulated images, or anything that is not visible in the manuscript text and references. It finds the manuscript-visible problems that reviewers and editors find, before they do.

Protected by Anthropic’s Zero Data Retention
Your manuscript is never stored, logged, or used for training.
FAQ

Questions, answered.

Don't see yours? Email us — we read every one.

Sources

Sources cited on this page

Every figure on this page is quoted from the primary source listed here. Verification dates are recorded per source.
  1. [1]Bordage G. Reasons reviewers reject and accept manuscripts: the strengths and weaknesses in medical education reports. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2001. doi:10.1097/00001888-200109000-00010 PMID 11553504.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  2. [2]Ezeala C, Nweke I, Ezeala M. Common errors in manuscripts submitted to medical science journals. Annals of medical and health sciences research 2013. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.117957 PMID 24116317.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  3. [3]Pierson DJ. The top 10 reasons why manuscripts are not accepted for publication. Respiratory care 2004. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447812/ PMID 15447812.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  4. [4]Bornmann L, Mutz R, Daniel HD. A reliability-generalization study of journal peer reviews: a multilevel meta-analysis of inter-rater reliability and its determinants. PloS one 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014331 PMID 21179459.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  5. [5]Ross JS et al. Effect of blinded peer review on abstract acceptance. JAMA 2006. doi:10.1001/jama.295.14.1675 PMID 16609089.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  6. [6]Strasak AM et al. Statistical errors in medical research - a review of common pitfalls. Swiss medical weekly 2007. doi:10.4414/smw.2007.11587 PMID 17299669.peer-reviewed article (Europe PMC / Crossref record) · verified 2026-09-12
  7. [7]Bibbins-Domingo K, Christiansen SL, Curfman G, et al. 2025 Year in Review and Vision for the Path Ahead. JAMA. Published online 13 April 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2847844journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  8. [8]Inouye SK. JAMA Internal Medicine—The Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Intern Med. Published online 16 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2846285journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  9. [9]Christakis DA. JAMA Pediatrics—The Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Pediatr. Published online 16 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2845861journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  10. [10]Kibbe MR. JAMA Surgery—The Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Surg. Published online 18 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2846802journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  11. [11]Shinkai K. JAMA Dermatology—The Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Dermatol. Published online 18 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2845993journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  12. [12]Bonow RO, Casadei B. JAMA Cardiology Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Cardiol. Published online 18 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2846694journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  13. [13]Josephson SA. JAMA Neurology Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Neurol. Published online 16 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2846475journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  14. [14]Öngür D. The Year in Review, 2025. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online 18 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2846481journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12
  15. [15]Piccirillo JF. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery—The Year in Review, 2025. Published online 19 March 2026. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2846035journal editorial · verified 2026-09-12

Submit the version a reviewer would struggle to fault.

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For the manuscript you're submitting